How to Cite
Conceptions Around the Fair Causes in the Declaration of War. (2018). Tesis Psicológica, 13(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.37511/tesis.v13n1a2
Abstract
In order to understand the armed conflict phenomena, some investigations about attitudes and moral judgment toward war has been made from the social psychology field. The present research explores the attitudes and discourses concerning what may be a right circumstance or reason to use military force. A structured questionnaire was built and applied, based on discussions and principles of just war theory, which is a philosophical approach that considers the criteria to legitimize the war declaration and regulate the military behavior. 169 People were recruited, including demobilized people from illegal armed groups (FARC and AUC), member of armed forces and university students. By means of the data analysis, it is concluded that most of participants agree with justifications of war based on the defense of human rights. At the same time, significant gender, group and educational level differences were found, which allows claiming that exist a relation among the personal and social factors and the concepts and positions towards justice in war.References
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Barreto, I & Borja, H (2002). Violencia política: algunas consideraciones desde la psicología social. Revista diversitas-perspectivas en psicología, 3(1), 109-119
Bar-Tal, D., Sharvit, K., Halperin. E. & Zafran, A. (2012). Ethos of Conflict: The Concept and Its Measurement. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 18 (1), 40 – 61
Bellamy, A (2009) Guerras Justas: de Cicerón a Iraq. Madrid, España: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Bizumic, B., Stubager, R., Mellon, M., Van der Linden, N., Iyer, R. &Jones,. J. (2013). On the (In) Compatibility of Attitudes Toward Peace and War. Political Psychology, 34 (5) 673-693. doi: 10.1111/pops.12032
Bobowik, M., Páez, D., Liu, J., Licata, L., Klein, O. & Basabe, N. (2014). Victorious justifications and criticism of defeated: Involvement of nations in world wars, social development, cultural values, social representations of war, and willingness to fight. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43, 60–73
Bolivar, I. (2006). Discurso emocionales y experiencia de la política: las FARC y las AUC en los procesos de negociación del conflicto (1998-2005). Bogotá, Colombia: Uniandes-Ceso & CINEP.
Borja-Orozco, H., Barreto, I., Sabucedo, J. & López-López, W. (2008). Construcción del discurso deslegitimador del adversario: gobierno y paramilitarismo en Colombia. Universitas Psychologica, 7 (2), 571-583
Botero, R. (2005). La dimensión retórica y el discurso de Álvaro Uribe Vélez sobre el Conflicto armado en Colombia. En Acosta, G. & Ramírez, L. (2005) Estudios del discurso en Colombia. Medellín, Colombia: Universidad de Medellín & Alep,
Bothwell, R., & Kennison, E. (2004). The Authoritarian Personality and Attitudes Toward War. Peace Rewiew, 16 (4), 467-470
Carnagey, N. & Anderson, C. (2001). Changes in Attitudes Towards War and Violence After September 11, 2001. Aggressive Behavior. 33, 118–129
Chaux, E., Arboleda , J. & Rincón, C. (2012). Violencia Comunitaria y Agresión Reactiva y Proactiva: el Papel Mediacional de las Variables Cognitivas y Emocionales. Revista colombiana de psicología, 21 (2), 233-251
Cohrs, C & Mochner, B (2002). Antiwar Knowledge and Generalized Political Attitudes as Determinants of Attitude Toward the Kosovo War. Peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology, 8 (2), 139-155.
Cohrs, C., Moschner., B., Maes., J & Kielman., S (2005). Personal Values and Attitudes Toward War. Peace and Conflict. Journal of Peace Psychology, 11(3), 293-312
Cheung-Blunden, B. & Blunden, B. (2008). The Emotional Construal of War: Anger, Fear, and Other Negative Emotions. Peace and conflict, 14, 144-149.
Crowson, M (2009). Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation as Mediators of Worldview Beliefs on Attitudes Related to the War on Terror. Social Psychology, 40(2), 93–103.
Dunwoody, P., Plane, D., Trescher, S. & Rice, D. (2014). Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and Misperceptions of War. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 20(3), 256–266.
Echevarría, C y Vasco, E (2006). Justificaciones morales de los buenos y lo malo en un grupo de niñas y niños provenientes de contextos violentos y no violentos de una ciudad de la zona andina de Colombia. Acta Colombiana de psicología, 9(1): 51-62
Friese, M., Fishman, S., Beatson, R., Sauerwein, K., & Rip,. R. (2009). Whose Fault Is it Anyway? Political Orientation, Attributions of Responsibility, and Support for the War in Iraq. Social Justice Research, 22, 280–297.
Gibson., S., (2012) ‘I'm not a war monger but…’: Discourse Analysis and Social Psychological Peace Research. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 22 (2), 159-173.
Giroux, S & Tremblay, G. (2004). Metodología de las Ciencias Humanas: la investigación en acción. México, D.F., México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Halverscheid. S & Witte. E (2008). Justification of War and Terrorism: A Comparative Case Study Analyzing Ethical Positions Based on Prescriptive Attribution Theory. Social Psychology, 39(1), 26–36.
Hoffman, M. (2002). Desarrollo Moral y Empatía. Barcelona, España: Idea Books Universitaria.
Hogenraad, R. (2005). What the Words of War Can Tell Us About the Risk of War. Journal of Peace Psychology, 11(2), 137-151.
Jones. G, Restori. A, Howard B. L, Himelfarb. I & Boluyt. M (2007). A Psychometric Evaluation of Existing Attitude Measures toward Capital Punishment and War. North American Journal of Psychology, 9 (2), 475-484
Karine de Souza, L., Sperb, T., Mccarthy, S., Brazilian & Biaggio,. A (2006). Children's Conceptions of Peace, War, and Violence. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 12(1), 49-63.
Kohlberg, L (1992). Psicología del desarrollo moral. Bilbao, España: Editorial Desclée de Brouwer.
Kuterovac, G (2000). Is war a good or a bad thing? The attitudes of Croatian, Israeli, and Palestinian children toward war. International Journal of Psychology, 35 (6), 241- 257
Li, C., Li, D.-m., Huang, Z., & Chiu, C. (2015). Peace and War: Rewarding Intergroup Contacts Make Past Intergroup Aggression Unforgivable. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. Advance online publication, 22 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pac0000140
Lialli , H & Thorsteinsson, E (2007). Attitudes to the Iraq war and mandatory detention of asylum seekers: Associations with authoritarianism, social dominance, and mortality salience. Australian Journal of Psychology, 59(2), 70 – 77.
Marulanda, J. & Yáñez-Canal, J (2015). Moralidad y justicia en la guerra: reflexiones desde la psicología moral. En Yáñez-Canal, J., Chaparro, J. &Segovia, L. (Eds) Justicia guerra y mundo social. Bogotá, Colombia: Uniminuto.
Mayton. D. (1988). Measurement of nuclear war attitudes: methods and concerns. Basic and Applied Social psychology, 9(4), 241-263.
Moerk, E. (2002). Scripting War-Entry to Make It Appear Unavoidable. Peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology, 8 (3), 229-248
Musgrove. L & McGarty. C (2008). Opinion-Based Group Membership as a Predictor of Collective Emotional Responses and Support for Pro- and Anti-War Action. Social Psychology, 39(1), 37–47.
Myers-Bowman, K., Walker, K. & Myers-Walls, J (2005). “Differences between War and Peace are Big”: Children from Yugoslavia and the United States Describe Peace and War. Peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology, 11(2), 177-198.
Nasie, M. & Bar-Tal, D. (2012). Sociopsychological Infrastructure of an Intractable Conflict Through the Eyes of Palestinian Children and Adolescents. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 18 (1), 3–20.
Orend, B (2006). The Morality of War. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press.
Papacchini, A. (2002). La Ética ante el Desafío de La Guerra. Cali, Colombia: Facultad de Filosofía, Cátedra Gerardo Molina & Universidad del valle.
Piaget, J (1999). The moral judgment of the child. Nueva York, Estados Unidos. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Pilecki, A., Muro, J., Hammack, P., & Clemons, C. (2014). Moral Exclusion and the Justification of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy: Bush, Obama, and the Terrorist Enemy Figure. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 20(3), 285–299.
Posada, R (2012). Experiencias de Violencia y Razonamiento Moral en un Contexto de Venganza. Revista colombiana de psicología, 21 (2), 197-212.
Posada. A, & Wainryb. C (2007). Moral Development in a Violent Society: Colombian Children’s Judgments in the Context of Survival and Revenge. Child Development, 79, 882−898.
Riaño, E. (2002) Socialización y Carreras Morales en Jóvenes Desvinculados del Conflicto Armado. Tesis Psicológica, 1, 41-51.
Sarrica, M & Wachelke, J (2009). Peace and War as Social Representations: A Structural Exploration with Italian Adolescents. Universitas Psychologica, 9 (2), 315-330.
Schroeder. D, Gaier. E & Holdnack. J (1993). Middle Adolescents' Views of War and American Military Involvement in The Persian Gulf. Adolescense. 28 (11), 950
Shaw, M., Quezada, E. & Zárate, M. (2011). Violence with a Conscience: Religiosity and Moral Certainty as Predictors of Support for Violent Warfare. Psychology of violence, l1 (4), 275-286
Sundberg, R. (2014). Violent Values: Exploring the Relationship between Human Values and Violent Attitudes. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 20(1), 68–83
Van der Linden, N., Bizumic, B., Stubager, R. & Mellon, S. (2011). Social Representational Correlates of Attitudes Toward Peace and War: ACross-Cultural Analysis in the United States and Denmark. Peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology, 17(3), p. 217-242
Walzer, M. (2001a). Guerras justas e injustas. Barcelona, España: Paidós.
Walzer, M (2001b). Guerra, política y Moral. Barcelona, España: Paidós.
Wainryb, C. & Pasupathi, M. (2008). Developing Moral Agency in the Midst of Violence: Children, Political Conflict, and Values. En Karawan, B., McCormack, W. y Reynolds, S (Eds) Values and Violence: untangible aspect of terrorism. New York, E.E.U.U: Springer.
Wille, W (2007). Ambivalence in the Christian attitude to war and peace. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(3), 235–242
Yáñez-Canal , J (2000). Debates en la Psicología del Desarrollo Moral. En Aguirre, E & Yáñez, J (Eds) Diálogos: Discusiones en la psicología contemporánea, Número 1. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Yáñez-Canal. J., Perdomo. A. & Mojica. A. (2010). La moral, la psicología del desarrollo y la teoría de los dominios. En La Infancia En La Sociedad Actual. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Santo Tomas.
Yáñez-Canal. J. & Mojica. A. (2012). Kohlberg y su teoría cognitiva de lo moral: algunas inconsistencias y limitaciones de su modelo formal. En Yáñez-Canal, J., Chaparro, j. & Segovia, L. (Eds) Experticia, sabiduría y desarrollo Moral. Bogotá, Colombia: Uniminuto.
Barreto, I & Borja, H (2002). Violencia política: algunas consideraciones desde la psicología social. Revista diversitas-perspectivas en psicología, 3(1), 109-119
Bar-Tal, D., Sharvit, K., Halperin. E. & Zafran, A. (2012). Ethos of Conflict: The Concept and Its Measurement. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 18 (1), 40 – 61
Bellamy, A (2009) Guerras Justas: de Cicerón a Iraq. Madrid, España: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Bizumic, B., Stubager, R., Mellon, M., Van der Linden, N., Iyer, R. &Jones,. J. (2013). On the (In) Compatibility of Attitudes Toward Peace and War. Political Psychology, 34 (5) 673-693. doi: 10.1111/pops.12032
Bobowik, M., Páez, D., Liu, J., Licata, L., Klein, O. & Basabe, N. (2014). Victorious justifications and criticism of defeated: Involvement of nations in world wars, social development, cultural values, social representations of war, and willingness to fight. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43, 60–73
Bolivar, I. (2006). Discurso emocionales y experiencia de la política: las FARC y las AUC en los procesos de negociación del conflicto (1998-2005). Bogotá, Colombia: Uniandes-Ceso & CINEP.
Borja-Orozco, H., Barreto, I., Sabucedo, J. & López-López, W. (2008). Construcción del discurso deslegitimador del adversario: gobierno y paramilitarismo en Colombia. Universitas Psychologica, 7 (2), 571-583
Botero, R. (2005). La dimensión retórica y el discurso de Álvaro Uribe Vélez sobre el Conflicto armado en Colombia. En Acosta, G. & Ramírez, L. (2005) Estudios del discurso en Colombia. Medellín, Colombia: Universidad de Medellín & Alep,
Bothwell, R., & Kennison, E. (2004). The Authoritarian Personality and Attitudes Toward War. Peace Rewiew, 16 (4), 467-470
Carnagey, N. & Anderson, C. (2001). Changes in Attitudes Towards War and Violence After September 11, 2001. Aggressive Behavior. 33, 118–129
Chaux, E., Arboleda , J. & Rincón, C. (2012). Violencia Comunitaria y Agresión Reactiva y Proactiva: el Papel Mediacional de las Variables Cognitivas y Emocionales. Revista colombiana de psicología, 21 (2), 233-251
Cohrs, C & Mochner, B (2002). Antiwar Knowledge and Generalized Political Attitudes as Determinants of Attitude Toward the Kosovo War. Peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology, 8 (2), 139-155.
Cohrs, C., Moschner., B., Maes., J & Kielman., S (2005). Personal Values and Attitudes Toward War. Peace and Conflict. Journal of Peace Psychology, 11(3), 293-312
Cheung-Blunden, B. & Blunden, B. (2008). The Emotional Construal of War: Anger, Fear, and Other Negative Emotions. Peace and conflict, 14, 144-149.
Crowson, M (2009). Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation as Mediators of Worldview Beliefs on Attitudes Related to the War on Terror. Social Psychology, 40(2), 93–103.
Dunwoody, P., Plane, D., Trescher, S. & Rice, D. (2014). Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and Misperceptions of War. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 20(3), 256–266.
Echevarría, C y Vasco, E (2006). Justificaciones morales de los buenos y lo malo en un grupo de niñas y niños provenientes de contextos violentos y no violentos de una ciudad de la zona andina de Colombia. Acta Colombiana de psicología, 9(1): 51-62
Friese, M., Fishman, S., Beatson, R., Sauerwein, K., & Rip,. R. (2009). Whose Fault Is it Anyway? Political Orientation, Attributions of Responsibility, and Support for the War in Iraq. Social Justice Research, 22, 280–297.
Gibson., S., (2012) ‘I'm not a war monger but…’: Discourse Analysis and Social Psychological Peace Research. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 22 (2), 159-173.
Giroux, S & Tremblay, G. (2004). Metodología de las Ciencias Humanas: la investigación en acción. México, D.F., México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Halverscheid. S & Witte. E (2008). Justification of War and Terrorism: A Comparative Case Study Analyzing Ethical Positions Based on Prescriptive Attribution Theory. Social Psychology, 39(1), 26–36.
Hoffman, M. (2002). Desarrollo Moral y Empatía. Barcelona, España: Idea Books Universitaria.
Hogenraad, R. (2005). What the Words of War Can Tell Us About the Risk of War. Journal of Peace Psychology, 11(2), 137-151.
Jones. G, Restori. A, Howard B. L, Himelfarb. I & Boluyt. M (2007). A Psychometric Evaluation of Existing Attitude Measures toward Capital Punishment and War. North American Journal of Psychology, 9 (2), 475-484
Karine de Souza, L., Sperb, T., Mccarthy, S., Brazilian & Biaggio,. A (2006). Children's Conceptions of Peace, War, and Violence. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 12(1), 49-63.
Kohlberg, L (1992). Psicología del desarrollo moral. Bilbao, España: Editorial Desclée de Brouwer.
Kuterovac, G (2000). Is war a good or a bad thing? The attitudes of Croatian, Israeli, and Palestinian children toward war. International Journal of Psychology, 35 (6), 241- 257
Li, C., Li, D.-m., Huang, Z., & Chiu, C. (2015). Peace and War: Rewarding Intergroup Contacts Make Past Intergroup Aggression Unforgivable. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. Advance online publication, 22 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pac0000140
Lialli , H & Thorsteinsson, E (2007). Attitudes to the Iraq war and mandatory detention of asylum seekers: Associations with authoritarianism, social dominance, and mortality salience. Australian Journal of Psychology, 59(2), 70 – 77.
Marulanda, J. & Yáñez-Canal, J (2015). Moralidad y justicia en la guerra: reflexiones desde la psicología moral. En Yáñez-Canal, J., Chaparro, J. &Segovia, L. (Eds) Justicia guerra y mundo social. Bogotá, Colombia: Uniminuto.
Mayton. D. (1988). Measurement of nuclear war attitudes: methods and concerns. Basic and Applied Social psychology, 9(4), 241-263.
Moerk, E. (2002). Scripting War-Entry to Make It Appear Unavoidable. Peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology, 8 (3), 229-248
Musgrove. L & McGarty. C (2008). Opinion-Based Group Membership as a Predictor of Collective Emotional Responses and Support for Pro- and Anti-War Action. Social Psychology, 39(1), 37–47.
Myers-Bowman, K., Walker, K. & Myers-Walls, J (2005). “Differences between War and Peace are Big”: Children from Yugoslavia and the United States Describe Peace and War. Peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology, 11(2), 177-198.
Nasie, M. & Bar-Tal, D. (2012). Sociopsychological Infrastructure of an Intractable Conflict Through the Eyes of Palestinian Children and Adolescents. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 18 (1), 3–20.
Orend, B (2006). The Morality of War. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press.
Papacchini, A. (2002). La Ética ante el Desafío de La Guerra. Cali, Colombia: Facultad de Filosofía, Cátedra Gerardo Molina & Universidad del valle.
Piaget, J (1999). The moral judgment of the child. Nueva York, Estados Unidos. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Pilecki, A., Muro, J., Hammack, P., & Clemons, C. (2014). Moral Exclusion and the Justification of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy: Bush, Obama, and the Terrorist Enemy Figure. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 20(3), 285–299.
Posada, R (2012). Experiencias de Violencia y Razonamiento Moral en un Contexto de Venganza. Revista colombiana de psicología, 21 (2), 197-212.
Posada. A, & Wainryb. C (2007). Moral Development in a Violent Society: Colombian Children’s Judgments in the Context of Survival and Revenge. Child Development, 79, 882−898.
Riaño, E. (2002) Socialización y Carreras Morales en Jóvenes Desvinculados del Conflicto Armado. Tesis Psicológica, 1, 41-51.
Sarrica, M & Wachelke, J (2009). Peace and War as Social Representations: A Structural Exploration with Italian Adolescents. Universitas Psychologica, 9 (2), 315-330.
Schroeder. D, Gaier. E & Holdnack. J (1993). Middle Adolescents' Views of War and American Military Involvement in The Persian Gulf. Adolescense. 28 (11), 950
Shaw, M., Quezada, E. & Zárate, M. (2011). Violence with a Conscience: Religiosity and Moral Certainty as Predictors of Support for Violent Warfare. Psychology of violence, l1 (4), 275-286
Sundberg, R. (2014). Violent Values: Exploring the Relationship between Human Values and Violent Attitudes. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 20(1), 68–83
Van der Linden, N., Bizumic, B., Stubager, R. & Mellon, S. (2011). Social Representational Correlates of Attitudes Toward Peace and War: ACross-Cultural Analysis in the United States and Denmark. Peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology, 17(3), p. 217-242
Walzer, M. (2001a). Guerras justas e injustas. Barcelona, España: Paidós.
Walzer, M (2001b). Guerra, política y Moral. Barcelona, España: Paidós.
Wainryb, C. & Pasupathi, M. (2008). Developing Moral Agency in the Midst of Violence: Children, Political Conflict, and Values. En Karawan, B., McCormack, W. y Reynolds, S (Eds) Values and Violence: untangible aspect of terrorism. New York, E.E.U.U: Springer.
Wille, W (2007). Ambivalence in the Christian attitude to war and peace. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(3), 235–242
Yáñez-Canal , J (2000). Debates en la Psicología del Desarrollo Moral. En Aguirre, E & Yáñez, J (Eds) Diálogos: Discusiones en la psicología contemporánea, Número 1. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Yáñez-Canal. J., Perdomo. A. & Mojica. A. (2010). La moral, la psicología del desarrollo y la teoría de los dominios. En La Infancia En La Sociedad Actual. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Santo Tomas.
Yáñez-Canal. J. & Mojica. A. (2012). Kohlberg y su teoría cognitiva de lo moral: algunas inconsistencias y limitaciones de su modelo formal. En Yáñez-Canal, J., Chaparro, j. & Segovia, L. (Eds) Experticia, sabiduría y desarrollo Moral. Bogotá, Colombia: Uniminuto.
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