How to Cite
Systematic review in the scientific literature of the use of virtual reality as a treatment for psychosomatic disorders. (2020). Tesis Psicológica, 15(2), 220-237. https://doi.org/10.37511/tesis.v15n2a12
Abstract
Background: Today there are numerous technological and communication advances that modify and generate changes in social and health services. One of them is virtual reality (VR), whose use is becoming more and more frequent in some areas of health for the treatment of certain pathologies. This method creates three-dimensional spaces to simulate reality, in such a way that the person has the sensation of being in the space generated and interacting with the objects of that virtual world created for the occasion. Objective: This study tries to know the use of virtual reality applied to health, more specifically in the field of psychosomatic disorders, such as pain, phobias and anxiety. Methodology: A review of the scientific literature has been carried out in the databases Pubmed, Epistemonikos, Dialnet, Cochrane, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (VHL), Lilacs, Cuiden and Scielo, selecting articles published in Spanish or English, from January 2014 to December 2018. Results: After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 articles were selected for analysis. Reading these shows that virtual reality helps reduce anxiety, phobias and pain of health procedures, managing to divert and distract the attention of patients. Conclusions: Virtual reality is an effective method for the treatment of certain psychosomatic disorders, although some negative aspects are detailed, such as the lack of more research to corroborate the current scientific evidence.
References
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American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM-5. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Arane, K., Behboudi, A. & Goldman, R. (2017). Pediatric pain and anxiety management using VR technology. Can Fam Physician, 6, 932-934.
Aukstalkanis, S. & Blatner, D. (1993). El espejismo de silicio. Arte y ciencia de la realidad virtual. Barcelona: Página Uno.
Beier D., Schmieder, K. & Männer, R. (2011). NeuroSim – The Prototype of a Neurosurgical Training simulator. Stud Health Technol Inform, 163, 51-56.
Birnie, K.A., Noel, M., Chambers, C.T., Uman, L.S. & Parker, J.A. (2018a). Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10(10). Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1002/ebch.239
Birnie, KA., Kulandaivelu, Y., Jibb, L., Hroch, P., Positano, K., Robertson, S., Campbell, F., Abla, O. & Stinson, J. (2018b). Usability Testing of an Interactive Virtual Reality Distraction Intervention to Reduce Procedural Pain in Children and Adolescents With Cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs, 35(6), 406-416.
Botella, C., Bretón, J., Serrano, B., García, A., Quero, S. & Baños, R. (2014). Treatment of flying phobia using virtual reality exposure with or without cognitive restructuring: participant preferences. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 19(3), 157-169.
Bretón, J., Mira, A., Castilla, D., García, A. & Botella, C. (2017). Revisión de aplicaciones de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en psicología clínica y de la salud en infancia y adolescencia. Revista en Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 4(3), 11-16.
Brown, NJ., Rodger, S., Ware, RS., Kimble, RM. & Cuttle, L. (2012). Efficacy of a children’s procedural preparation and distraction device on healing in acute burn wound care procedures: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [Internet].13:1–11. Recuperado de: http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L52356804%0Ahttp://www.trialsjournal.com/content/13/1/238%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-238%0Ahttp://vu.on.worcabasldcat.org/atoztitles/link?sid=EMBASE&issn=17456215&id=doi:10.
Cabas, K., Cárdenas, G., Gutiérrez, J., Ruiz, F. & Torres, G. (2015). Uso clínico de la realidad virtual para la distracción y reducción del dolor post-operatorio en pacientes adultos. Tesis Psicológica, 10(2), 38-50.
Castellanos, J. & Pinzón, M.Y. (2016). Manejo fisioterapéutico del dolor en personas quemadas en sus tres fases de recuperación. Revisión sistemática. Rev Soc Esp Dolor, 23(4), 202-210.
Diemer, J., Alpers, G.W., Peperkorn, H.M. Shiban, Y. & Mühlberger, A. (2015). The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(26), 1-9.
Dyer, E., Swartzlander, B. J., & Gugliucci, M. R. (2018). Using virtual reality in medical education to teach empathy. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 106(4), 498-500. https://doi.org/10.5195/ jmla.2018.518
Espinoza, M., Baños, R.M., García, A., Alcañiz M., Botella C., Cervera, J.M., Esquerdo, G., Barrajón, E. & Sanctis, R. (2012). Descripción de un sistema de realidad virtual dirigido a la promoción de bienestar emocional en pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados: Ensayo Fase II OncoHelp. Rev Int Grupos Invest Oncol, 1(2), 40-46.
Falconer, C., Slater, M., Rovira, A., King, J., Gilbert, P., Antley, A. & Brewin, C. (2014). Embodying Compassion: A Virtual Reality Paradigm for Overcoming Excessive Self-Criticism. PLOS ONE, 9(11), 1-7.
Flujas, J.M., Castañeda, D., Botella, C. & Gómez, I. (2017). Un programa de bienestar emocional basado en Realidad Virtual y Terapia Online para enfermedades crónicas en infancia y adolescencia: La Academia Espacial. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 4(3), 17-25.
Gebara, C., Barros, T., Gertsenchtein, L. & Lotufo F. (2016). Virtual reality exposure using three-dimensional images for the treatment of social phobia. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatría, 38, 24-29.
Gonçalves, R., Pedrozo, A.L., Freire, E.S., Figueira, I. & Ventura, P. (2012). Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of PTSD: A Systematic Review. PLOS ONE, 7(12): 1-7.
Gutiérrez, J. (2002). Aplicaciones de la realidad virtual en psicología clínica. Aula médica psiquiatría, 4(2), 92-126.
Hua, Y., Qiu, R., Yao, WY., Zhang, Q. & Chen, XL. (2015). The Effect of Virtual Reality Distraction on Pain Relief During Dressing Changes in Children with Chronic Wounds on Lower Limbs. Pain Manag Nurs [Internet]. 16(5):685-691. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2015.03.001
Jeffs, D., Dorman, D., Brown, S., Files, A., Graves, T. & Kirk, E. (2014). Effect of virtual reality on adolescent pain during burn wound care. J Burn Care Res, 35(5), 395–408.
Jerdan, S., Grindle, M., Woerden, H. & Kamel M. (2018). Head-Mounted Virtual Reality and Mental Health: Critical Review of Current Research. JMIR Serious Games, 6(3). Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.2196/games.9226
Kaplan, B. & Sadock, V. (2014). Synopsis Of Psychiatry. Madrid: Wolters Kluwer.
Khan, R., Plahouras, J., Johnston, B. C., Scaffidi, M. A., Grover, S. C. & Walsh, C.M. (2018). Virtual reality simulation training for health professions trainees in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 17(8). Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008237.pub3
Koller, D. & Goldman, RD. (2012). Distraction Techniques for Children Undergoing Procedures: A Critical Review of Pediatric Research. J Pediatr Nurs, 27(6):652–81. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2011.08.001
Ledo, A.I., Gándara, J.J., García, I. & Gordo, R. (2016). Videojuegos y Salud Mental: De la adicción a la rehabilitación. Revista iberoamericana de psicosomática, 117, 72-83.
Maples, J., Bunnell, B., Kim, S. & Rothbaum, O. (2017). The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 25(3), 103-113.
Miró, J., Nieto, R. & Huguet, A. (2007). Realidad virtual y manejo del dolor. C. Med. Psicosom, 82, 52-64.
Morris, L., Louw, Q. & Grimmer-Somers, K. (2010). The effectiveness of virtual reality on reducing pain and anxiety in burn injury patients: a systematic review. National Institute for Health Research, 1-3.
Mosso, J.L., Gao, K., Wiederhold, B. & Wiederhold, M. (2014). Virtual Reality for Pain Management in Cardiac Surgery. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 371-378.
Nilsson, S., Finnström, B., Kokinsky, E. & Enskär K. (2009). The use of Virtual Reality for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit. Eur J Oncol Nurs,13(2), 102-109.
Pardesi, O. & Fuzaylov, G. (2016). Pain Management in Pediatric Burn Patients. J Burn Care Res, 38(6), 335-347.
Peñate, W., Roca, M.J. & Pino, T. (2014). Los nuevos desarrollos tecnológicos aplicados al tratamiento psicológico. Acta.colom.psicol., 17(2), 91-101.
Quero, S., Botella, C., Guillén, V., Moles, M., Nebot, S. & García, A. (2012). La realidad virtual para el tratamiento de los trastornos emocionales: una revisión. Anuario de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud, 8, 7-21.
Quintana, P., Bouchar, S., Serrano, B. & Cárdenas, G. (2014). Efectos secundarios negativos de la inmersión con realidad virtual en poblaciones clínicas que padecen ansiedad. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 19(3), 197-207.
Raghav, K., Van Wijk, A.J., Abdullah, F., Islam, M.N., Bernatchez, M. & De Jongh, A. (2016). Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for treatment of dental phobia: a randomized control trial. BMC Oral Health, 1-11.
Rivero, F., Herrero, M., Viña, C., Álvarez-Pérez, Y. & Peñate, W. (2017). Neuroimaging in cockroach phobia: An experimental study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12, 207-215.
Rothbaum, BO., Hodges, LF., Kooper, R., Opdyke, D., Williford, JS. & North, M. (1995). Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(4), 626-628.
Schultheis, M. & Rizzo, A. (2001). La aplicación de la tecnología de la realidad virtual en la rehabilitación. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46(3), 296-311.
Sherman, W.R. & Craig, A.B. (2019). Understanding virtual reality: Interface, application, and design. Cambridge: Morgan Kaufmann. Recuperado de: https://books.google.es/books?id=D-OcBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&ots=QR-fghdVZS&dq=virtual%20reality%20concept&lr&hl=es&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Smits, J.A., Rosenfield, D., Otto, M.W., Powers, M.B., Hofmann, S.G., Telch, M.J., Pollack, M.H. & Tart, C.D. (2013). Enhancement of Fear Extinction in Specific to Successful Exposure Sessions: Evidence from the Treatment of Height Phobia. Biol Psychiatry, 73(11), 1054-1058.
Sosa, C.D. & Capafons, J.I. (2014). Fobia específica. En V.E. Caballo, I.C. Salazar, J.A. Carrobles (Eds.) Manual de psicopatología y trastornos psicológicos, 151-180. Madrid: Pirámide.
Thompson-Lake, D.G.Y., Cooper, K.N., Mahoney, J.J., Bordnick, P.S., Salas, R., Kosten, T.R., Dani, J.A. & Garza, R. (2014). Withdrawal symtoms and nicotine dependence severity predict virtual reality craving in cigarette-deprived smokers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 17, 796-802.
Vanni, F., Conversano, C., Debbio, A., Landi, P., Carlini, M., Fanciullacci, C., Bergamasco, M., Di Florino, A. & Dell’Osso, L. (2013). A survey on virtual enviroment applications to fear of public speaking. European Review form Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 17, 1561-1568.
Wardernaar, K.J., Lim, C.C.W., Al-Hamzawi, A.O., Alonso, J., Andrade, L.H., Benjet, C., Bunting, B., de Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S.E., Gureje, O., Hisateru, T., Hu, C., Huang, Y., Karam, E., Kiejna, A., Lepine, J.P., Navarro-Mateu, F., Brown, M.O., Piazza, M., Posada-Villa, J., ten Have, M.L., Torres, Y., Xavier, M., Zarkov, Z., Kessier, R.C., Scott, K.M & de Jonge, P. (2017). The crossnational epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys. Pyschlogy Medicine, 47 (10), 1744-1760. Recuperado de: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5674525/
Wiederhold, M., Gao, K. & Wiederhold, B. (2014a). Clinical Use of Virtual Reality Distraction System to Reduce Anxiety and Pain in Dental Procedures. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 359-365.
Wiederhold, B., Gao, K., Sulea, C. & Wiederhold, M. (2014b). Virtual Reality as a Distraction Technique in Chronic Pain Patients. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 346-352.
Won, A., Bailey, J., Bailenson, J., Tataru, C., Yoon, I. & Golianu, B. (2017). Immersive Virtual Reality for Pediatric Pain. Children, 4(7), 52.
Wood, D.P., Webb-Murphy, J., McLay, R.N., Wiederhold, B.K., Spira, J.L, Johnston, S. & Pyne, J. (2011). Reality graded exposure therapy with physiological monitoring for the tratment of combat related post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Stud Health Technol Inform, 163, 696-702.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM-5. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Arane, K., Behboudi, A. & Goldman, R. (2017). Pediatric pain and anxiety management using VR technology. Can Fam Physician, 6, 932-934.
Aukstalkanis, S. & Blatner, D. (1993). El espejismo de silicio. Arte y ciencia de la realidad virtual. Barcelona: Página Uno.
Beier D., Schmieder, K. & Männer, R. (2011). NeuroSim – The Prototype of a Neurosurgical Training simulator. Stud Health Technol Inform, 163, 51-56.
Birnie, K.A., Noel, M., Chambers, C.T., Uman, L.S. & Parker, J.A. (2018a). Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10(10). Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1002/ebch.239
Birnie, KA., Kulandaivelu, Y., Jibb, L., Hroch, P., Positano, K., Robertson, S., Campbell, F., Abla, O. & Stinson, J. (2018b). Usability Testing of an Interactive Virtual Reality Distraction Intervention to Reduce Procedural Pain in Children and Adolescents With Cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs, 35(6), 406-416.
Botella, C., Bretón, J., Serrano, B., García, A., Quero, S. & Baños, R. (2014). Treatment of flying phobia using virtual reality exposure with or without cognitive restructuring: participant preferences. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 19(3), 157-169.
Bretón, J., Mira, A., Castilla, D., García, A. & Botella, C. (2017). Revisión de aplicaciones de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en psicología clínica y de la salud en infancia y adolescencia. Revista en Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 4(3), 11-16.
Brown, NJ., Rodger, S., Ware, RS., Kimble, RM. & Cuttle, L. (2012). Efficacy of a children’s procedural preparation and distraction device on healing in acute burn wound care procedures: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [Internet].13:1–11. Recuperado de: http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L52356804%0Ahttp://www.trialsjournal.com/content/13/1/238%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-238%0Ahttp://vu.on.worcabasldcat.org/atoztitles/link?sid=EMBASE&issn=17456215&id=doi:10.
Cabas, K., Cárdenas, G., Gutiérrez, J., Ruiz, F. & Torres, G. (2015). Uso clínico de la realidad virtual para la distracción y reducción del dolor post-operatorio en pacientes adultos. Tesis Psicológica, 10(2), 38-50.
Castellanos, J. & Pinzón, M.Y. (2016). Manejo fisioterapéutico del dolor en personas quemadas en sus tres fases de recuperación. Revisión sistemática. Rev Soc Esp Dolor, 23(4), 202-210.
Diemer, J., Alpers, G.W., Peperkorn, H.M. Shiban, Y. & Mühlberger, A. (2015). The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(26), 1-9.
Dyer, E., Swartzlander, B. J., & Gugliucci, M. R. (2018). Using virtual reality in medical education to teach empathy. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 106(4), 498-500. https://doi.org/10.5195/ jmla.2018.518
Espinoza, M., Baños, R.M., García, A., Alcañiz M., Botella C., Cervera, J.M., Esquerdo, G., Barrajón, E. & Sanctis, R. (2012). Descripción de un sistema de realidad virtual dirigido a la promoción de bienestar emocional en pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados: Ensayo Fase II OncoHelp. Rev Int Grupos Invest Oncol, 1(2), 40-46.
Falconer, C., Slater, M., Rovira, A., King, J., Gilbert, P., Antley, A. & Brewin, C. (2014). Embodying Compassion: A Virtual Reality Paradigm for Overcoming Excessive Self-Criticism. PLOS ONE, 9(11), 1-7.
Flujas, J.M., Castañeda, D., Botella, C. & Gómez, I. (2017). Un programa de bienestar emocional basado en Realidad Virtual y Terapia Online para enfermedades crónicas en infancia y adolescencia: La Academia Espacial. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 4(3), 17-25.
Gebara, C., Barros, T., Gertsenchtein, L. & Lotufo F. (2016). Virtual reality exposure using three-dimensional images for the treatment of social phobia. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatría, 38, 24-29.
Gonçalves, R., Pedrozo, A.L., Freire, E.S., Figueira, I. & Ventura, P. (2012). Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of PTSD: A Systematic Review. PLOS ONE, 7(12): 1-7.
Gutiérrez, J. (2002). Aplicaciones de la realidad virtual en psicología clínica. Aula médica psiquiatría, 4(2), 92-126.
Hua, Y., Qiu, R., Yao, WY., Zhang, Q. & Chen, XL. (2015). The Effect of Virtual Reality Distraction on Pain Relief During Dressing Changes in Children with Chronic Wounds on Lower Limbs. Pain Manag Nurs [Internet]. 16(5):685-691. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2015.03.001
Jeffs, D., Dorman, D., Brown, S., Files, A., Graves, T. & Kirk, E. (2014). Effect of virtual reality on adolescent pain during burn wound care. J Burn Care Res, 35(5), 395–408.
Jerdan, S., Grindle, M., Woerden, H. & Kamel M. (2018). Head-Mounted Virtual Reality and Mental Health: Critical Review of Current Research. JMIR Serious Games, 6(3). Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.2196/games.9226
Kaplan, B. & Sadock, V. (2014). Synopsis Of Psychiatry. Madrid: Wolters Kluwer.
Khan, R., Plahouras, J., Johnston, B. C., Scaffidi, M. A., Grover, S. C. & Walsh, C.M. (2018). Virtual reality simulation training for health professions trainees in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 17(8). Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008237.pub3
Koller, D. & Goldman, RD. (2012). Distraction Techniques for Children Undergoing Procedures: A Critical Review of Pediatric Research. J Pediatr Nurs, 27(6):652–81. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2011.08.001
Ledo, A.I., Gándara, J.J., García, I. & Gordo, R. (2016). Videojuegos y Salud Mental: De la adicción a la rehabilitación. Revista iberoamericana de psicosomática, 117, 72-83.
Maples, J., Bunnell, B., Kim, S. & Rothbaum, O. (2017). The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 25(3), 103-113.
Miró, J., Nieto, R. & Huguet, A. (2007). Realidad virtual y manejo del dolor. C. Med. Psicosom, 82, 52-64.
Morris, L., Louw, Q. & Grimmer-Somers, K. (2010). The effectiveness of virtual reality on reducing pain and anxiety in burn injury patients: a systematic review. National Institute for Health Research, 1-3.
Mosso, J.L., Gao, K., Wiederhold, B. & Wiederhold, M. (2014). Virtual Reality for Pain Management in Cardiac Surgery. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 371-378.
Nilsson, S., Finnström, B., Kokinsky, E. & Enskär K. (2009). The use of Virtual Reality for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit. Eur J Oncol Nurs,13(2), 102-109.
Pardesi, O. & Fuzaylov, G. (2016). Pain Management in Pediatric Burn Patients. J Burn Care Res, 38(6), 335-347.
Peñate, W., Roca, M.J. & Pino, T. (2014). Los nuevos desarrollos tecnológicos aplicados al tratamiento psicológico. Acta.colom.psicol., 17(2), 91-101.
Quero, S., Botella, C., Guillén, V., Moles, M., Nebot, S. & García, A. (2012). La realidad virtual para el tratamiento de los trastornos emocionales: una revisión. Anuario de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud, 8, 7-21.
Quintana, P., Bouchar, S., Serrano, B. & Cárdenas, G. (2014). Efectos secundarios negativos de la inmersión con realidad virtual en poblaciones clínicas que padecen ansiedad. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 19(3), 197-207.
Raghav, K., Van Wijk, A.J., Abdullah, F., Islam, M.N., Bernatchez, M. & De Jongh, A. (2016). Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for treatment of dental phobia: a randomized control trial. BMC Oral Health, 1-11.
Rivero, F., Herrero, M., Viña, C., Álvarez-Pérez, Y. & Peñate, W. (2017). Neuroimaging in cockroach phobia: An experimental study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12, 207-215.
Rothbaum, BO., Hodges, LF., Kooper, R., Opdyke, D., Williford, JS. & North, M. (1995). Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(4), 626-628.
Schultheis, M. & Rizzo, A. (2001). La aplicación de la tecnología de la realidad virtual en la rehabilitación. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46(3), 296-311.
Sherman, W.R. & Craig, A.B. (2019). Understanding virtual reality: Interface, application, and design. Cambridge: Morgan Kaufmann. Recuperado de: https://books.google.es/books?id=D-OcBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&ots=QR-fghdVZS&dq=virtual%20reality%20concept&lr&hl=es&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Smits, J.A., Rosenfield, D., Otto, M.W., Powers, M.B., Hofmann, S.G., Telch, M.J., Pollack, M.H. & Tart, C.D. (2013). Enhancement of Fear Extinction in Specific to Successful Exposure Sessions: Evidence from the Treatment of Height Phobia. Biol Psychiatry, 73(11), 1054-1058.
Sosa, C.D. & Capafons, J.I. (2014). Fobia específica. En V.E. Caballo, I.C. Salazar, J.A. Carrobles (Eds.) Manual de psicopatología y trastornos psicológicos, 151-180. Madrid: Pirámide.
Thompson-Lake, D.G.Y., Cooper, K.N., Mahoney, J.J., Bordnick, P.S., Salas, R., Kosten, T.R., Dani, J.A. & Garza, R. (2014). Withdrawal symtoms and nicotine dependence severity predict virtual reality craving in cigarette-deprived smokers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 17, 796-802.
Vanni, F., Conversano, C., Debbio, A., Landi, P., Carlini, M., Fanciullacci, C., Bergamasco, M., Di Florino, A. & Dell’Osso, L. (2013). A survey on virtual enviroment applications to fear of public speaking. European Review form Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 17, 1561-1568.
Wardernaar, K.J., Lim, C.C.W., Al-Hamzawi, A.O., Alonso, J., Andrade, L.H., Benjet, C., Bunting, B., de Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S.E., Gureje, O., Hisateru, T., Hu, C., Huang, Y., Karam, E., Kiejna, A., Lepine, J.P., Navarro-Mateu, F., Brown, M.O., Piazza, M., Posada-Villa, J., ten Have, M.L., Torres, Y., Xavier, M., Zarkov, Z., Kessier, R.C., Scott, K.M & de Jonge, P. (2017). The crossnational epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys. Pyschlogy Medicine, 47 (10), 1744-1760. Recuperado de: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5674525/
Wiederhold, M., Gao, K. & Wiederhold, B. (2014a). Clinical Use of Virtual Reality Distraction System to Reduce Anxiety and Pain in Dental Procedures. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 359-365.
Wiederhold, B., Gao, K., Sulea, C. & Wiederhold, M. (2014b). Virtual Reality as a Distraction Technique in Chronic Pain Patients. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 346-352.
Won, A., Bailey, J., Bailenson, J., Tataru, C., Yoon, I. & Golianu, B. (2017). Immersive Virtual Reality for Pediatric Pain. Children, 4(7), 52.
Wood, D.P., Webb-Murphy, J., McLay, R.N., Wiederhold, B.K., Spira, J.L, Johnston, S. & Pyne, J. (2011). Reality graded exposure therapy with physiological monitoring for the tratment of combat related post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Stud Health Technol Inform, 163, 696-702.
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