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Los anfibios constituyen un grupo filogenéticamente muy antiguo que se caracteriza por ser representantes de la transición del medio acuático al terrestre, con todas las implicaciones que esto tuvo en la organización de su sistema nervioso. El uso de este modelo animal para estudiar la evolución de la cognición espacial brinda la ventaja de poseer un sistema nervioso simple, que carece de neocorteza, lo cual permite indagar los circuitos cerebrales básicos que subyacen a esta conducta. Empleando una aproximación comparativa, en este artículo se describen los distintos procedimientos y dispositivos experimentales que se utilizan para el estudio de las habilidades de orientación y navegación espacial en anfibios y sus bases neurales. La capacidad de aprendizaje espacial es fundamental para la supervivencia de los individuos, pudiendo incluir estrategias que involucran claves visuales del ambiente e información auto-referencial. Teniendo en cuenta toda la información acumu-lada hasta el momento en anfibios, tanto en condiciones controladas de laboratorio como en ambientes natu-rales, es posible concluir que las propiedades de esta habilidad cognitiva han sido mayormente conser-vadas a lo largo de la evolución.
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